Pleiotropic Effects of Levofloxacin, Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics, against Influenza Virus-Induced Lung Injury.
Identifieur interne : 000D14 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000D13; suivant : 000D15Pleiotropic Effects of Levofloxacin, Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics, against Influenza Virus-Induced Lung Injury.
Auteurs : Yuki Enoki [Japon] ; Yu Ishima [Japon] ; Ryota Tanaka [Japon] ; Keizo Sato [Japon] ; Kazuhiko Kimachi [Japon] ; Tatsuya Shirai [Japon] ; Hiroshi Watanabe [Japon] ; Victor T G. Chuang [Australie] ; Yukio Fujiwara [Japon] ; Motohiro Takeya [Japon] ; Masaki Otagiri [Japon] ; Toru Maruyama [Japon]Source :
- PloS one [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Animaux, Antibactériens (), Antibactériens (pharmacologie), Espèces réactives de l'oxygène (), Espèces réactives de l'oxygène (métabolisme), Fluoroquinolones (), Fluoroquinolones (pharmacologie), Granulocytes neutrophiles (métabolisme), Grippe humaine (traitement médicamenteux), Grippe humaine (virologie), Humains, Interféron gamma (métabolisme), Lésion pulmonaire aigüe (traitement médicamenteux), Lésion pulmonaire aigüe (virologie), Lévofloxacine (), Lévofloxacine (pharmacologie), Monoxyde d'azote (métabolisme), Mâle, Piégeurs de radicaux libres (), Piégeurs de radicaux libres (pharmacologie), Poumon (), Poumon (anatomopathologie), Poumon (virologie), Souris de lignée ICR, Stress oxydatif, Virus de la grippe A (immunologie), Évaluation préclinique de médicament.
- MESH :
- anatomopathologie : Poumon.
- immunologie : Virus de la grippe A.
- métabolisme : Espèces réactives de l'oxygène, Granulocytes neutrophiles, Interféron gamma, Monoxyde d'azote.
- pharmacologie : Antibactériens, Fluoroquinolones, Lévofloxacine, Piégeurs de radicaux libres.
- traitement médicamenteux : Grippe humaine, Lésion pulmonaire aigüe.
- virologie : Grippe humaine, Lésion pulmonaire aigüe, Poumon.
- Animaux, Antibactériens, Espèces réactives de l'oxygène, Fluoroquinolones, Humains, Lévofloxacine, Mâle, Piégeurs de radicaux libres, Poumon, Souris de lignée ICR, Stress oxydatif, Évaluation préclinique de médicament.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Acute Lung Injury (drug therapy), Acute Lung Injury (virology), Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents (chemistry), Anti-Bacterial Agents (pharmacology), Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Fluoroquinolones (chemistry), Fluoroquinolones (pharmacology), Free Radical Scavengers (chemistry), Free Radical Scavengers (pharmacology), Humans, Influenza A virus (immunology), Influenza, Human (drug therapy), Influenza, Human (virology), Interferon-gamma (metabolism), Levofloxacin (chemistry), Levofloxacin (pharmacology), Lung (drug effects), Lung (pathology), Lung (virology), Male, Mice, Inbred ICR, Neutrophils (metabolism), Nitric Oxide (metabolism), Oxidative Stress, Reactive Oxygen Species (chemistry), Reactive Oxygen Species (metabolism).
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : Anti-Bacterial Agents, Fluoroquinolones, Free Radical Scavengers, Levofloxacin, Reactive Oxygen Species.
- drug effects : Lung.
- drug therapy : Acute Lung Injury, Influenza, Human.
- immunology : Influenza A virus.
- chemical , metabolism : Interferon-gamma, Neutrophils, Nitric Oxide, Reactive Oxygen Species.
- pathology : Lung.
- chemical , pharmacology : Anti-Bacterial Agents, Fluoroquinolones, Free Radical Scavengers, Levofloxacin.
- virology : Acute Lung Injury, Influenza, Human, Lung.
- Animals, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, Humans, Male, Mice, Inbred ICR, Oxidative Stress.
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are major pathogenic molecules produced during viral lung infections, including influenza. While fluoroquinolones are widely used as antimicrobial agents for treating a variety of bacterial infections, including secondary infections associated with the influenza virus, it has been reported that they also function as anti-oxidants against ROS and as a NO regulator. Therefore, we hypothesized that levofloxacin (LVFX), one of the most frequently used fluoroquinolone derivatives, may attenuate pulmonary injuries associated with influenza virus infections by inhibiting the production of ROS species such as hydroxyl radicals and neutrophil-derived NO that is produced during an influenza viral infection. The therapeutic impact of LVFX was examined in a PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus-induced lung injury mouse model. ESR spin-trapping experiments indicated that LVFX showed scavenging activity against neutrophil-derived hydroxyl radicals. LVFX markedly improved the survival rate of mice that were infected with the influenza virus in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the LVFX treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (a marker of oxidative stress) and nitrotyrosine (a nitrative marker) in the lungs of virus-infected mice, and the nitrite/nitrate ratio (NO metabolites) and IFN-γ in BALF. These results indicate that LVFX may be of substantial benefit in the treatment of various acute inflammatory disorders such as influenza virus-induced pneumonia, by inhibiting inflammatory cell responses and suppressing the overproduction of NO in the lungs.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130248
PubMed: 26086073
Affiliations:
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Le document en format XML
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DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 1-22-4 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 1-22-4 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan; DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 1-22-4 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>860-0082</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maruyama, Toru" sort="Maruyama, Toru" uniqKey="Maruyama T" first="Toru" last="Maruyama">Toru Maruyama</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; 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Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>862-0973</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tanaka, Ryota" sort="Tanaka, Ryota" uniqKey="Tanaka R" first="Ryota" last="Tanaka">Ryota Tanaka</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>862-0973</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sato, Keizo" sort="Sato, Keizo" uniqKey="Sato K" first="Keizo" last="Sato">Keizo Sato</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Yoshino-Machi, Nobeoka, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Yoshino-Machi, Nobeoka</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nobeoka</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kimachi, Kazuhiko" sort="Kimachi, Kazuhiko" uniqKey="Kimachi K" first="Kazuhiko" last="Kimachi">Kazuhiko Kimachi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8568, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8568</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>860-8568</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shirai, Tatsuya" sort="Shirai, Tatsuya" uniqKey="Shirai T" first="Tatsuya" last="Shirai">Tatsuya Shirai</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8568, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), 1-6-1 Okubo, Kita-ku, Kumamoto-shi, Kumamoto, 860-8568</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>860-8568</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, Hiroshi" sort="Watanabe, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Watanabe H" first="Hiroshi" last="Watanabe">Hiroshi Watanabe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>862-0973</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chuang, Victor T G" sort="Chuang, Victor T G" uniqKey="Chuang V" first="Victor T G" last="Chuang">Victor T G. Chuang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6845, Western Australia.</nlm:affiliation><country>Australie</country><placeName><region type="state">Australie-Occidentale</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, 6845</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fujiwara, Yukio" sort="Fujiwara, Yukio" uniqKey="Fujiwara Y" first="Yukio" last="Fujiwara">Yukio Fujiwara</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>860-0811</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Takeya, Motohiro" sort="Takeya, Motohiro" uniqKey="Takeya M" first="Motohiro" last="Takeya">Motohiro Takeya</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>860-0811</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Otagiri, Masaki" sort="Otagiri, Masaki" uniqKey="Otagiri M" first="Masaki" last="Otagiri">Masaki Otagiri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 1-22-4 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan; DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 1-22-4 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 1-22-4 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan; DDS Research Institute, Sojo University, 1-22-4 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>860-0082</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Maruyama, Toru" sort="Maruyama, Toru" uniqKey="Maruyama T" first="Toru" last="Maruyama">Toru Maruyama</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Japon</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>862-0973</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PloS one</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Acute Lung Injury (drug therapy)</term><term>Acute Lung Injury (virology)</term><term>Animals</term><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents (chemistry)</term><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Drug Evaluation, Preclinical</term><term>Fluoroquinolones (chemistry)</term><term>Fluoroquinolones (pharmacology)</term><term>Free Radical Scavengers (chemistry)</term><term>Free Radical Scavengers (pharmacology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Influenza A virus (immunology)</term><term>Influenza, Human (drug therapy)</term><term>Influenza, Human (virology)</term><term>Interferon-gamma (metabolism)</term><term>Levofloxacin (chemistry)</term><term>Levofloxacin (pharmacology)</term><term>Lung (drug effects)</term><term>Lung (pathology)</term><term>Lung (virology)</term><term>Male</term><term>Mice, Inbred ICR</term><term>Neutrophils (metabolism)</term><term>Nitric Oxide (metabolism)</term><term>Oxidative Stress</term><term>Reactive Oxygen Species (chemistry)</term><term>Reactive Oxygen Species (metabolism)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Antibactériens ()</term><term>Antibactériens (pharmacologie)</term><term>Espèces réactives de l'oxygène ()</term><term>Espèces réactives de l'oxygène (métabolisme)</term><term>Fluoroquinolones ()</term><term>Fluoroquinolones (pharmacologie)</term><term>Granulocytes neutrophiles (métabolisme)</term><term>Grippe humaine (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Grippe humaine (virologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Interféron gamma (métabolisme)</term><term>Lésion pulmonaire aigüe (traitement médicamenteux)</term><term>Lésion pulmonaire aigüe (virologie)</term><term>Lévofloxacine ()</term><term>Lévofloxacine (pharmacologie)</term><term>Monoxyde d'azote (métabolisme)</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Piégeurs de radicaux libres ()</term><term>Piégeurs de radicaux libres (pharmacologie)</term><term>Poumon ()</term><term>Poumon (anatomopathologie)</term><term>Poumon (virologie)</term><term>Souris de lignée ICR</term><term>Stress oxydatif</term><term>Virus de la grippe A (immunologie)</term><term>Évaluation préclinique de médicament</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents</term><term>Fluoroquinolones</term><term>Free Radical Scavengers</term><term>Levofloxacin</term><term>Reactive Oxygen Species</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="anatomopathologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Poumon</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Lung</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Acute Lung Injury</term><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Virus de la grippe A</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="immunology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A virus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Interferon-gamma</term><term>Neutrophils</term><term>Nitric Oxide</term><term>Reactive Oxygen Species</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="métabolisme" xml:lang="fr"><term>Espèces réactives de l'oxygène</term><term>Granulocytes neutrophiles</term><term>Interféron gamma</term><term>Monoxyde d'azote</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Lung</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pharmacologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Antibactériens</term><term>Fluoroquinolones</term><term>Lévofloxacine</term><term>Piégeurs de radicaux libres</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Anti-Bacterial Agents</term><term>Fluoroquinolones</term><term>Free Radical Scavengers</term><term>Levofloxacin</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="traitement médicamenteux" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>Lésion pulmonaire aigüe</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>Lésion pulmonaire aigüe</term><term>Poumon</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Acute Lung Injury</term><term>Influenza, Human</term><term>Lung</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Drug Evaluation, Preclinical</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Mice, Inbred ICR</term><term>Oxidative Stress</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Antibactériens</term><term>Espèces réactives de l'oxygène</term><term>Fluoroquinolones</term><term>Humains</term><term>Lévofloxacine</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Piégeurs de radicaux libres</term><term>Poumon</term><term>Souris de lignée ICR</term><term>Stress oxydatif</term><term>Évaluation préclinique de médicament</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) are major pathogenic molecules produced during viral lung infections, including influenza. While fluoroquinolones are widely used as antimicrobial agents for treating a variety of bacterial infections, including secondary infections associated with the influenza virus, it has been reported that they also function as anti-oxidants against ROS and as a NO regulator. Therefore, we hypothesized that levofloxacin (LVFX), one of the most frequently used fluoroquinolone derivatives, may attenuate pulmonary injuries associated with influenza virus infections by inhibiting the production of ROS species such as hydroxyl radicals and neutrophil-derived NO that is produced during an influenza viral infection. The therapeutic impact of LVFX was examined in a PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus-induced lung injury mouse model. ESR spin-trapping experiments indicated that LVFX showed scavenging activity against neutrophil-derived hydroxyl radicals. LVFX markedly improved the survival rate of mice that were infected with the influenza virus in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the LVFX treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the level of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (a marker of oxidative stress) and nitrotyrosine (a nitrative marker) in the lungs of virus-infected mice, and the nitrite/nitrate ratio (NO metabolites) and IFN-γ in BALF. These results indicate that LVFX may be of substantial benefit in the treatment of various acute inflammatory disorders such as influenza virus-induced pneumonia, by inhibiting inflammatory cell responses and suppressing the overproduction of NO in the lungs. </div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Australie</li><li>Japon</li></country><region><li>Australie-Occidentale</li></region></list><tree><country name="Japon"><noRegion><name sortKey="Enoki, Yuki" sort="Enoki, Yuki" uniqKey="Enoki Y" first="Yuki" last="Enoki">Yuki Enoki</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Fujiwara, Yukio" sort="Fujiwara, Yukio" uniqKey="Fujiwara Y" first="Yukio" last="Fujiwara">Yukio Fujiwara</name><name sortKey="Ishima, Yu" sort="Ishima, Yu" uniqKey="Ishima Y" first="Yu" last="Ishima">Yu Ishima</name><name sortKey="Kimachi, Kazuhiko" sort="Kimachi, Kazuhiko" uniqKey="Kimachi K" first="Kazuhiko" last="Kimachi">Kazuhiko Kimachi</name><name sortKey="Maruyama, Toru" sort="Maruyama, Toru" uniqKey="Maruyama T" first="Toru" last="Maruyama">Toru Maruyama</name><name sortKey="Otagiri, Masaki" sort="Otagiri, Masaki" uniqKey="Otagiri M" first="Masaki" last="Otagiri">Masaki Otagiri</name><name sortKey="Sato, Keizo" sort="Sato, Keizo" uniqKey="Sato K" first="Keizo" last="Sato">Keizo Sato</name><name sortKey="Shirai, Tatsuya" sort="Shirai, Tatsuya" uniqKey="Shirai T" first="Tatsuya" last="Shirai">Tatsuya Shirai</name><name sortKey="Takeya, Motohiro" sort="Takeya, Motohiro" uniqKey="Takeya M" first="Motohiro" last="Takeya">Motohiro Takeya</name><name sortKey="Tanaka, Ryota" sort="Tanaka, Ryota" uniqKey="Tanaka R" first="Ryota" last="Tanaka">Ryota Tanaka</name><name sortKey="Watanabe, Hiroshi" sort="Watanabe, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Watanabe H" first="Hiroshi" last="Watanabe">Hiroshi Watanabe</name></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Australie-Occidentale"><name sortKey="Chuang, Victor T G" sort="Chuang, Victor T G" uniqKey="Chuang V" first="Victor T G" last="Chuang">Victor T G. 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